PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP: 
Increased competitiveness due to a higher resource productivity and a system design
Stahel, page 1 - 2

Figure 4: Resource efficiency and business strategies in the Service Economy   Types of business strategies: Increased resource efficiency: closing material loops: technical strategies closing liability loops: commercial / marketing strategies reducing the VOLUME of the resource flow: Eco-products dematerialized goods multifuntional goods Eco-marketing more intensive utilization of goods shared utilization of goods selling utilization instead of goods reducing the SPEED of the resource flow: Re-manufacturing longer utilization of goods long-life goods service-life extension of goods Re-marketing away-grading of goods and of components re-marketing services new products from waste reducing VOLUME AND SPEED of the resource flow Technical system solutions Krauss-Maffei PTS plane transport system "skin" strategies Systemic solutions lighthouses selling results instead of goods selling services instead of goods Source: adapted from Gianrini, Orio and Stahel, Walter R. (1989/1993) The Limits to Certainty, facing risks in the new Service Economy. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston. Stahel, page 1 - 2